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It is necessary to acknowledge other people’s work or ideas when writing; hence, the sources used in your work must be referenced. There are different modes of referencing that can be employed. Harvard Referencing style is usually done via an in-text Citation a Reference List. The in-text citation is done within the body of a text acknowledging the creator or author of the work, while the complete Reference List is provided at the end of the written materials. The reference includes a comprehensive list of works or ideas sourced from others in the material.
To write an in-text citation, always include the surname of the author along with the year of publication. Also, a page number can be added for short quotations or specific phrases that are either used directly, summarised or paraphrased; they are also useful when citing a longer material e.g. citing a portion of a book.
For a work authored by a single person, here are some examples in Harvard Referencing:
For longer quotes (usually paraphrased already) include them as a separate sentence or paragraph with the citation at the end.
When a piece of work is authored by two or three people, using the Harvard Referencing pattern:
For longer quotes,
When a piece of work is authored by more than 3 people, use et al.
When the author’s name is missing, but the title of the materials exists, use that instead.
When the author has more than one work published in the same year, allocate letters (a, b, c, d, etc) to the various works.
Where multiple authors can be referenced for the same text, the various authors will be listed separated by semi-colons:
When there are different editions of the same work:
When the date of the work is not known, state ‘no date’:
Where the author had cited the work of an original author:
When a company authors a piece of work, use the company’s name.
When a piece of work is taken from a webpage with no author of the article specified.
When there is no date included in a source, use the author’s name or company’s name only.
It contains all the resources cited in between the written text sorted in alphabetical order with the surname. It usually starts with the name of the author (or title, if there is no author).
The format is Author(s)’ Surname, | Initial of first name | For example,
Also, if an author has multiple publications, the reference list should be arranged by the year of publication and title if the year of publication is the same e.g.
However, how the reference list is written varies according to the different types of materials used.
Use this format for a Book: Author(s) | Year. | Book Title. | Edition (used if more than one edition). | Place: Publisher, | Page(s).
Edited Book: Editor(s), ed., | Year. | Book Title. | Edition (Always displayed even if it is the first edition). | Place: Publisher
Chapter from an Edited Book: Author(s), | Year. | Title of the chapter. | In: Author(s)/Editor(s) of the book, ed., | Book Title. | Edition (Always displayed even if it is the first edition). | Place: Publisher, | Page(s).
PDFs and E-book: Author(s), | Year. | Title of PDF or eBook. | Edition (if it not the first edition). | [pdf or ebook] |Place: Publisher, | Page(s). | Available at: URL | [Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR].
Print Journal article (not online): Author(s), | Year. | ‘Title of the article’. | Name of Journal, | Volume (issue details), | Page(s).
Journal (online): Author(s), | Year. | ‘Title of the article’. | Title of Journal, [online] | Volume (issue details), | Page(s). | Available at: URL | [Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR].
Conference Proceedings (not published online): Author(s), | Year. | Title of paper or proceedings. | In: Title or Conference name. | Place: Publisher, Page(s).
Conference (online): Author(s), | Year. | Title of paper or proceedings. | In: Title or Conference name. [online] | Place: Publisher, | Page(s). | Available at: URL [Accessed DAY MONTH YEAR].
The page author is specified: Author(s), | Year. | Title of page. [online] | website name. | Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
No page author is specified: Website Name, | Year. | Title of page. [online] | Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
A blog (a blog is generally run by a single individual): Author(s), | Year. | Title of post. [blog] | Blog Name. | Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
Use the following structure for a Dissertation: Author(s), | Year. | Title of Dissertation. | Author's Academic Level. | Name of Institution, University or College.
When it is a patent, use this format: Author(s), | Year. | Description or Patent Title. | Patent Number.
Use this format for Presentations and Lectures: Author(s), | Year. | Title of Presentation.
Newspaper Article (not online): Author(s), | Year. | Title of the article. | Newspaper Name, | Page(s).
Newspaper Article (online): Author(s), | Year. | Title of the article. | Newspaper Name, [online] | Page(s). | Available at: URL [Accessed DD MMM. YYYY].
When it is a print magazine, use this format: Author(s), | Year. | Title of the article. | Magazine Name, | (Volume), | Page(s).
Use the following structure for a print Encyclopaedia Article: Author(s), | Year. | Title of Article. | In: Title of Encyclopedia, | Edition. | Place: Publisher, | Page(s).
When it is an Email, use this format: Author(s), | Year. | Email Subject. [email].
These are past event evidence that is collected by historical societies, universities, libraries or repositories, use this format: Author(s),| Year.| Title of material. [format]| Organization/ Library/ Collection/ University Name, Collection name, number or code. | Place.
These are Artwork collections at museums or gallery, use this format: Author(s), | Year. | Title of art. [medium] | Place: Museum/Gallery
Press Releases (not online): Corporate Author, | Year. | Title of Release.
Press Releases (online): Corporate Author, | Year.| Title of Release. | Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].
These are Radio and TV broadcast, use this format: Title of program/series, | Year. [program type] | Channel: Broadcaster
Film, DVD, and Video: Title of Film, | Year | [format] | Place of Origin: Maker
Videos or Images (online): Author(s), | Year. | Description or Title of Video or Image.
See also:
A Quick and Complete Guide to Oxford Referencing
A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing
A Quick Guide to Vancouver Referencing
A Quick Guide to MLA (8th edition) Referencing
A Quick Guide to IEEE Referencing in Microsoft Word
A Quick Guide To IEEE Referencing
A Quick Guide To APA 7 Referencing
A Quick Guide To American Meteorological Society (AMS) Style Referencing
A Quick And Complete Guide To Chicago Referencing
A Quick Guide To MHRA Referencing
A Quick Guide To OSCOLA Referencing
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