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THE ROLE OF PRIMARY HEALTHCARE CENTRES IN PREVENTING NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Non-communicable diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality rate in the world (Jimenez Carrillo et al., 2020). It is a big issue in public health and the global community. The World Health Organization reported that 71% of deaths are associated with non-communicable diseases every year. They also estimated the annual number of deaths from non-communicable diseases. Such estimations include 17.9 million deaths annually attributed to cardiovascular diseases, 9 million deaths associated with cancers, about 3.9 million deaths attributed to respiratory diseases, and1.6 million deaths from diabetic diseases (Budreviciute et al., 2020). Estimations have shown that about 42% of death happen before 70 years and mortality rates of more than 48% are associated with non-communicable diseases, in developing nations (Widyahening, 2019).  The primary healthcare centres are known for their great assistance in the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases (Tuangratananon et al., 2021).  Primary healthcare centres are known as effective platforms for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (Tuangratananon et al., 2021).

Non-communicable diseases are long-term chronic health conditions that cannot be transferred from one person to another (Haque et al., 2020; Vos et al., 2020). Popular non-communicable diseases include cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, and diabetes. These four diseases are the known non-communicable diseases that are responsible for over 82% of the global disease burden (Widyahening, 2019). Non-communicable diseases have been known to have a serious negative impact on society, the economy and public health, because it is lifetime disease that can only be managed (Jimenez Carrillo et al., 2020; Widyahening, 2019). Several nations of the world are striving hard to combat the burden of non-communicable diseases in their health facilities. The risk associated with non-communicable diseases affects human development, life expectancy, education, and per capita income (Haque et al., 2020; Vos et al., 2020). Factors associated with non-communicable diseases include physiological, genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors (Budreviciute et al., 2020). Other factors include, globalization, urbanization, demographic transition and lifestyle changes are known to be the causal factors to the development and high prevalence of non-communicable diseases (Widyahening, 2019) To help prevent, manage, and manage these diseases, requires serious and qualitative health care presently and the future. Hence it is important for the primary health care centres, which are known for their proximity and accessibility to the community, to ensure community participation, to help prevent non-communicable diseases (Jimenez Carrillo et al., 2020; Widyahening, 2019).

During the Alma-Ata declaration in 1978, Primary Health Care was established as a way to achieve quality health systems in different nations (Xiong et al., 2022). Then in 2018, Astana Global Conference on Primary Health Care pronounced Primary Health Care as the best approach to effectively and efficiently reach the health goal of achieving health for all, as mentioned in United Nations Sustainable and Developmental Goals (Xiong et al., 2022; Murray et al., 2020). The Primary health care centres are closer to the people, and it is noted globally as one of the backgrounds to achieve health system responsible for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (Xiong et al., 2022).  

The Primary healthcare centres should endeavour to engage in activities that will enable them to prevent non-communicable diseases, in developing countries. One of the roles of Primary healthcare is to help reduce behavioural lifestyle factors that predispose one to noncommunicable diseases. Such factors include tobacco use, physical inactivity, poor diet, and alcohol usage (increased intake of alcohol beverages) (Ajisegiri et al., 2021; Widyahening, 2019). To achieve the goal of reducing behavioural lifestyle factors, it requires primary healthcare centres to establish interventions and strategies that will involve the members of the community (Widyahening, 2019). Since the Primary healthcare centres are at the first point of contact by the community, they should ensure that they deliver necessary prevention intervention and care to help reduce the disease burden of non-communicable diseases. According to Widyahening (2019), the primary health care centres are expected to show and give primary care to prevent non-communicable diseases, such as comprehensive, coordinated, continuous, integrated, and accessible care.  This will help tackle and reduce the burden of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, this study aims to determine the role of Primary Health Care Centres in preventing non-communicable diseases in a developing country.

1.1 AIM

  • To determine the role of Primary Health Care Centres in preventing non-communicable diseases in a developing country.

1.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

  • To determine the intervention strategies utilized by primary health care centres in preventing non-communicable diseases in a developing country
  • To determine the quality of care of Primary health care centres towards the community and their patients in preventing non-communicable diseases in a developing country
  • To determine the role of primary health care centres in educating the community towards behavioural change to prevent non-communicable diseases in a developing country
  • To understand the level of health promotion activities in the primary health care centres aim towards preventing non-communicable diseases in a developing country

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The issue of non-communicable disease is a worldwide problem. Non-communicable diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality rate in the world (Jimenez Carrillo et al., 2020). The World Health Organization reported that 71% of deaths are associated with non-communicable diseases every year. They also estimated the annual number of deaths from non-communicable diseases. Such estimations include 17.9 million deaths annually attributed to cardiovascular diseases, 9 million deaths associated with cancers, about 3.9 million deaths attributed to respiratory diseases, whereas diabetes disease had about 1.6 million deaths (Budreviciute et al., 2020). The primary healthcare centres have been known for their great assistance in the prevention and management of non-communicable diseases.  Primary healthcare centres are known as effective platforms for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases  (Tuangratananon et al., 2021). Primary Health Care has been pronounced as the best approach to effectively and efficiently achieving health for all. It is important to study the role of primary health care in preventing non-communicable diseases.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

  • What intervention strategies are utilized by primary health care centres in the prevention of non-communicable diseases in a developing country?
  • What level of health delivery care in the Primary health care centres workers towards the community and their patients that aim towards preventing non-communicable diseases in a developing country?
  • What is the role of primary health care centres in educating the community towards behavioural change to prevent non-communicable diseases in a developing country?
  • What is the level of health promotion activities in the primary health care centres that aim towards preventing non-communicable diseases, in a developing country?

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is very important because it has been reported that about 42% of death happen before 70 years, and mortality rates of more than 48% are associated with non-communicable diseases, in developing nations (Widyahening, 2019). Studies have shown that the role of Primary healthcare can be useful in preventing non-communicable diseases. (Ajisegiri et al., 2021; Widyahening, 2019). Therefore, it is vital to determine the roles and strategies used by primary healthcare centres in preventing the ever-increasing non-communicable diseases. This study will identify the intervention strategies, quality of health care delivery and the health promotion utilized by primary health centres to prevent non-communicable diseases.

1.6 METHODOLOGY

  • Study design/Sampling/Collection

This will be a cross-sectional study among community based primary healthcare centres in a developing country. A pretested structured questionnaire will be used to collect all relevant information using simple random sampling.

1.7 ANALYSIS

Collected data from the questionnaire will be entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval will be used to assess statistically significant variables (p<0.05).

1.8 RISK ASSESSMENT

The risk assessment conducted for this project is provided in the table below:

Table 1:  Risk assessment

Risk

Impact

Mitigation Plan

Inability to meet the deadline

Low

Get an extension from the supervisor in due time

Inability to get required process inputs, skill, and manpower

Moderate

Refer to municipalities and research institutes for help

Inability to properly develop the process set up

High

Refer to your supervisor for help

Insufficient data

Low

Refer to journals and textbooks for help

1.9 SCHEDULE

    Table 2: Project Plan

Task Name

Start Date

End Date

Duration (Days)

Initial Research

15/01/2022

29/01/2022

14

Proposal

29/01/2022

06/02/2022

21

Introduction Chapter

18/03/2022

23/03/2022

5

Literature Review Chapter

23/03/2022

20/04/2022

24

Methodology Chapter

20/04/2022

02/05/2022

12

Presentation 1

02/07/2022

10/07/2022

8

Analysis

10/07/2022

24/07/2022

14

Evaluation of Gotten Results

24/07/2022

01/08/2022

7

Discussion Chapter

01/08/2022

11/08/2022

10

Evaluation Chapter

11/08/2022

16/08/2022

5

Conclusion Chapter

16/08/2022

18/08/2022

2

Project Management Chapter

18/08/2022

20/08/2022

2

Abstract and Report compilation

20/08/2022

22/08/2022

2

Report Proofreading

22/08/2022

01/09/2022

10

Presentation 2

01/09/2022

11/09/2022

10

REFERENCES

Ajisegiri, W. S., Abimbola, S., Tesema, A. G., Odusanya, O. O., Ojji, D. B., Peiris, D., & Joshi, R. (2021). Aligning policymaking in decentralized health systems: Evaluation of strategies to prevent and control non-communicable diseases in Nigeria. PLOS Global Public Health, 1(11), e0000050. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000050

Budreviciute, A., Damiati, S., Sabir, D. K., Onder, K., Schuller-Goetzburg, P., Plakys, G., Katileviciute, A., Khoja, S., & Kodzius, R. (2020). Management and Prevention Strategies for Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Their Risk Factors. In Frontiers in Public Health (Vol. 8). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.574111

Haque, M., Islam, T., Rahman, N. A. A., McKimm, J., Abdullah, A., & Dhingra, S. (2020). Strengthening primary healthcare services to help prevent and control long-term (Chronic) non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. In Risk Management and Healthcare Policy (Vol. 13, pp. 409–426). Dove Medical Press Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S239074

Jimenez Carrillo, M., León Garciá, M., Vidal, N., Bermúdez, K., & de Vos, P. (2020). Comprehensive primary health care and non-communicable diseases management: A case study of El Salvador. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-1140-x

Murray, C.J., Abbafati, C. & Abbas, K.M. (2020) Five insights from the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet North Am Ed. 396(10258):1135–1159.

Tuangratananon, T., Julchoo, S., Phaiyarom, M., Panichkriangkrai, W., Pudpong, N., Patcharanarumol, W., & Tangcharoensathien, V. (2021). Healthcare providers' perspectives on integrating NCDs into primary healthcare in Thailand: a mixed-method study. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00791-1

Vos, T., Lim, S.S. & Abbafati, C. (2020) Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990−2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet North Am Ed. 396(10258):1204–1222.

Widyahening, I. S. (2019). The Role of Primary Health Care in the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases. Review of Primary Care Practice and Education (Kajian Praktik Dan Pendidikan Layanan Primer), 2(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.22146/rpcpe.44464

Xiong, S. Cai, C. Jiang, W., Ye, P. Ma, Y., Liu, H. Li, B., Zhang, X., Wei, T. Sun, H., Hone, T. Peiris, D., Mao, L. & Tian, M. (2022) Primary health care system responses to non-communicable disease prevention and control: A scoping review of national policies in Mainland China since the 2009 health reform. The Lancet Regional Health - Western     Pacific 00: 100390

 

Last updated: Feb 11, 2022 10:33 AM

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