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INTRODUCTION
The quest for scientific discovery has exposed humans to environmental dangers that affect their health (positively or negatively). Such action has led to ozone layer depletion. Research has suggested that the stratosphere layer may have been affected (WHO, 2017). Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation that has a wavelength ranging from 760 nm to 100, 000 nm, which is by far greater than ultraviolet radiation (Tsai & Hamblin, 2017a). Infrared radiation is easily absorbed by water and carbon dioxide molecules, afterward, it is converted to heat energy (Fondriest Environmental, 2014). Since infrared radiations have longer wavelengths, they produce heat through exciting electrons in the absorbing substance. Infrared lights reflect faster than ultraviolet lights. Hence the reason infrared radiation can transfer heat between the surface, water, and air (Fondriest Environmental, 2014).
Infrared radiations are employed as treatment modalities by health professionals. For example, low-level light therapy and photo-biomodulation therapies employ light at red and near-infrared wavelengths (600–100 nm) to modulate biological activity. Infrared radiations are utilized in stimulating and modulating nerves in humans, named neural modulation and neural stimulation as shown by studies (Tsai & Hamblin, 2017a). Infrared radiations are used also in the wound and cancer treatment (Tsai & Hamblin, 2017a). To achieve the above-mentioned treatments, studies have shown that infrared radiations can be able to cause photo-stimulation and photo-biomodulation which are beneficial to the treatment of cancer, wounds, and nerve stimulation (Sadly and Kovac, 2017).
According to Tsai and Hamblin, the mechanism of action of infrared radiation (materials) is to transform heat energy from the body using convention or conduction into radiation within the appropriate infrared wavelengths to cause the balance or normal functioning of the body, and photo-modulation through deep penetration to allow the skin absorption (Tsai & Hamblin, 2017b; Grandi & D’ovidio, 2020). This mechanism of infrared materials enhances the circulatory system and improves the metabolism in the human body. (Tsai & Hamblin, 2017b).
According to Fernadez, when human skin is exposed to infrared radiation, Infrared radiation acts on the skin to initiate a cascade of different signaling pathways, inducing therapeutic or pathological effects (Fernández et al., 2016). He further explained that infrared radiation penetrates the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin and reaches deeper, unlike the ultraviolet rays. As the radiation penetrates the skin, it can cause damage to the layers of the skin (for example the stratum corneum of the epidermis) and even the collagen due to increased activation of matrix metalloproteinases. This action results in alterations in the skin morphology, such as discoloration, loss of elasticity, wrinkles, leading to premature aging (Fernández et al., 2016). This mechanism indicates that as infrared radiations are used in medical procedures, it induces destructive changes that may even worsen the health condition of an individual (Sommer, 2019). Also, Stem cells depletion, extracellular matrix degradation, remodeling, survival of aberrant cell clones, and immune suppression are the long-term effect of this treatment modality using infrared radiation in treatment. (Stone et al., 2018; Migliario et al., 2018; Grandi & D’ovidio, 2020)
Animal studies have also shown that deep infrared radiation therapy produces anti-inflammatory responses by inhibiting interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha RNA levels of peripheral blood, mononuclear cells, and recovering endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression (Chang, 2018). Another beneficial effect of infrared radiation on health is that the photo-bio-stimulation is utilized in the treatment of conditions of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and other tissues by accelerating wound healing, reducing inflammation, and, in general, stimulating metabolism (Yadav and Gupta, 2017; Grandi & D’ovidio, 2020). Therefore, this present study will determine the impact of infrared radiation on human health.
AIM
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH PROBLEM
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Studies have shown that Infrared radiation is applied in wound and cancer treatment (Tsai & Hamblin, 2017a). It has been reported that infrared radiations can be able to cause photo-stimulation and photo-biomodulation which are beneficial to the treatment of cancer, wounds, and nerve stimulation (Sadly, and Kovac, 2017). Also, humans are exposed to the dangers of infrared radiation. This present study will determine the impact of infrared radiation on human health.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Several studies have reported the beneficial effect of infrared radiation on health is that the photo-bio-stimulation is utilized in the treatment of conditions of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and other tissues by accelerating wound healing, reducing inflammation, and, in general, stimulating metabolism (Yadav and Gupta, 2017; Grandi & D’ovidio, 2020). There are a limited number of studies in this field regarding the impact of infrared radiation on human health, which this present study will investigate, to close the knowledge gap.
METHODOLOGY
ANALYSIS
The following will be used for analysis in this review, they are; cluster analysis (CA) and/or factor analysis (FA), and/or principal component analysis (PCA). The results will be presented as odds ratios (OR).
RISK ASSESSMENT
The risk assessment conducted for this project is provided in the table below:
Table 1: Risk assessment
Risk
Impact
Mitigation Plan
Inability to meet the deadline
Low
Get an extension from the supervisor in due time
Inability to get required process inputs, skill, and manpower
Moderate
Refer to municipalities and research institutes for help
Inability to properly develop the process set up
High
Refer to your supervisor for help
Insufficient data
Refer to journals and textbooks for help
SCHEDULE
Table 2: Project Plan
Task Name
Start Date
End Date
Duration (Days)
Initial Research
15/01/2022
29/01/2022
14
Proposal
06/02/2022
21
Introduction Chapter
18/03/2022
23/03/2022
5
Literature Review Chapter
20/04/2022
24
Methodology Chapter
02/05/2022
12
Presentation 1
02/07/2022
10/07/2022
8
Analysis
24/07/2022
Evaluation of Gotten Results
01/08/2022
7
Discussion Chapter
11/08/2022
10
Evaluation Chapter
16/08/2022
Conclusion Chapter
18/08/2022
2
Project Management Chapter
20/08/2022
Abstract and Report compilation
22/08/2022
Report Proofreading
01/09/2022
Presentation 2
11/09/2022
REFERENCES
Chang, Y. (2018). The effect of far-infrared radiation therapy on inflammation regulation in lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis in mice. SAGE Open Medicine, 6, 205031211879894. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118798941
Fernández, E., Fajarí, L., Rodríguez, G., Cócera, M., Moner, V., Barbosa-Barros, L., Kamma-Lorger, C. S., de La Maza, A., & López, O. (2016). Reducing the Harmful Effects of Infrared Radiation on the Skin Using Bicosomes Incorporating β-Carotene. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 29(4), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447015
Fondriest Environmental, Inc. (2014) “Solar Radiation and Photosynethically Active Radiation.” Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements. Web. .
Grandi, C., & D’ovidio, M. C. (2020). The balance between health risks and benefits for outdoor workers exposed to solar radiation: An overview on the role of near-infrared radiation alone and in combination with other solar spectral bands. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041357
Migliario, M., Sabbatini, M., Mortellaro, C. & Renò, F. (2018) Near-infrared low-level laser therapy and cell proliferation: The emerging role of redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways. J. Biophotonics 11, e201800025.
Sadly, F. and Kovac, Z. (2017) Non-linear actions of physiological agents: Finite disarrangements elicit fitness benefits. Redox Biol. 13, 235–243.
Sommer, A.P. (2019) Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase is not the primary acceptor for near-infrared light-it is mitochondrial bound water: The principles of low-level light therapy. Ann. Transl. Med 7.
Stone, J.; Mitrofanis, J.; Johnstone, D.M.; Falsini, B.; Bisti, S.; Adam, P.; Bravo Nuevo, A.; George-Weinstein, M.; Mason, R. and Eells, J. (2018) Acquired resilience: An evolved system of tissue protection in mammals. Dose-Response, 16, 1559325818803428
Tsai, S. R., & Hamblin, M. R. (2017a). Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 170, 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOBIOL.2017.04.014
Tsai, S. R., & Hamblin, M. R. (2017b). Biological effects and medical applications of infrared radiation. In Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology (Vol. 170, pp. 197–207). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.014
Yadav, A. and Gupta, A. (2017) Noninvasive red and near-infrared wavelength-induced photobiomodulation: Promoting impaired cutaneous wound healing. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 33, 4–13.
Last updated: Feb 02, 2022 08:25 AM
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