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INTRODUCTION

Smoking is one of the leading causes of respiratory mortality. Whether tobacco smoking, shisha, electronic cigarette, or cannabis all negatively impact respiratory health. According to World Health Organization, Smoking tobacco kills more than 8 million people each year. Also, 50% of smokers die as a result of complications from smoking on health (WHO, 2021). About 1.2 million death annual death of non-smokers are associated with second-hand smoking (WHO,2021). Also, about 56, 000 death of children below 10 years, every year, worldwide, has been attributed to second-hand smoking (Radó et al., 2021). Smoking affects respiratory health, by affecting the lungs and damaging the airways and the air sacks. This action affects lung function during smoking initiation and progresses to a chronic stage as the individual keeps smoking (Royal College of Physicians, 2018).

According to Igwe et al., a cigarette contains about 7000 chemical substances that are dangerous to human health. Cigarettes, cannabis, Shisha, and electronic cigarettes affect overall body health and affect the respiratory system greatly (Igwe et al., 2021, WHO, 2021). In the year 2019, The United States Center for Disease Control declared e-cigarettes as a major cause of death among youths associated with lung damage (Marques et al., 2021).

Also, smoking plays a major role in bacterial and viral respiratory infections (Royal College of Physicians, 2018). Therefore, studies have shown that smokers have higher chances of developing influenza, pneumonia, and SARS-CoV-2 infections (Hopkinson et al., 2021, Liu et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2020). Hopkinson et al. reported a causal association between smoking and COVID-19 (Hopkinson et al., 2021). Another study also concluded that smoking is a major risk factor associated with COVID-19 outcomes that increase the death rate among admitted patients that are smokers (Zhang et al., 2021).

Smoking’s damaging effects on the lungs lead to the development of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which is a condition that denies the lung access to oxygen because of the damaged airways. Signs of this condition include wheezing, dyspnea, and persistent cough (Health Line Newsletter, 2021). This condition increases as the individual continues smoking. Other conditions include emphysema (damage to air sacs in the lungs), chronic bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchioles), and lung cancer. Chronic smoking can also cause other serious health effects such as exacerbating asthma conditions, and it also makes the individual more susceptible to sicknesses such as pneumonia and COVID-19 effects (Zhang et al., 2021).

Since smoking has reached an epidemic level, World Health Organization has outlined strategies to combat this sudden menace. The strategies include banning tobacco advertisement, use of tax, stopping the illicit trade of tobacco, and providing professional assistance to enable smokers willing to quit to achieve that (WHO, 2021). Due to serious health risked posed by smoking on human’s health, therefore the present study will investigate the effect of smoking on respiratory health.

AIM

• To determine the effect of smoking on respiratory health

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

• To determine the effect of smoking on pulmonary function
• To determine the effect of smoking in relation to the respiratory mortality rate
• To determine the effect of second-hand smoking on respiratory morbidity and mortality rate
• To determine the effect of smoking in respiratory diseases (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, Asthma)
• To understand the role smoking plays in COVID-19 patients’ outcome
• To understand the role of smoking in exacerbating asthma disease

RESEARCH PROBLEM

Smoking tobacco kills more than 8 million people each year and 50% of smokers die as a result of complications from smoking on health (WHO, 2021). About 1.2 million death annual death of non-smokers are associated with second-hand smoking (WHO,2021). Also, about 56, 000 death of children below 10 years, every year, worldwide, has been attributed to second-hand smoking (Radó et al., 2021). Smoking has achieved an epidemic status globally, and its target is the respiratory system. The respiratory system is responsible for breathing (we inhale oxygen and exhale oxygen), and the oxygen we take in passes through the lungs to get to the heart, and then it gets circulated to every other system in the human body. The above stated informed this present study to ascertain how these problems can be solved.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• What is the effect of smoking on pulmonary function?
• What is the effect of smoking in relation to the respiratory mortality rate?
• What is the effect of second-hand smoking on respiratory morbidity and mortality rate?
• What role does smoking play in respiratory diseases (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, Asthma)?
• Does smoking affect the outcome of COVID-19 patients?
• What role does smoking play in exacerbating asthma disease?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Several studies have identified that there exists an association between smoking viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract (Royal College of Physicians, 2018; Hopkinson et al., 2021, Liu et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2020). Other studies have shown that long-term smoking is associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary diseases, Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema (WHO, 2021). Recent studies have shown a causal relationship between smoking and COVID-19 patients’ outcome (Zhang et al., 2021; Hopkinson et al., 2021). However, there are limited studies on the role of second-hand smoking on respiratory health. Therefore, this present study will study the overall effect of smoking on respiratory health, it will investigate the role smoking plays in different diseases associated with the respiratory system respiratory mortality rate and also the respiratory health impacts of secondary smokers.

METHODOLOGY

• Study Design: This review will review current literature to determine the effect of dust on respiratory health. In the search for this literature, keywords such as “Smoking”, “Respiratory health”, “Respiratory system”, “Tobacco”, “Cannabis”, “Shisha”, “Respiratory diseases’’, and other related terms will be utilized. Databases such as Pubmed/ Medline, Google Scholar, Cochrane library, will also be used to source data Also, Inclusion and exclusion criteria will be used in selecting relevant literature for this study.
• ANALYSIS

The following will be used for analysis in this review, they are; cluster analysis (CA) and/or factor analysis (FA), and/or principal component analysis (PCA). The results will be presented as odds ratios (OR).

• RISK ASSESSMENT

The risk assessment conducted for this project is provided in the table below:

Table 1:  Risk assessment

Risk	Impact	Mitigation Plan
Inability to meet the deadline	Low	Get an extension from the supervisor in due time
Inability to get required process inputs, skill, and manpower	Moderate	Refer to municipalities and research institutes for help
Inability to properly develop the process set up	High	Refer to your supervisor for help
Insufficient data	Low	Refer to journals and textbooks for help

• SCHEDULE

    Table 2: Project Plan

Task Name	Start Date	End Date	Duration (Days)
Initial Research	15/01/2022	29/01/2022	14
Proposal	29/01/2022	06/02/2022	21
Introduction Chapter	18/03/2022	23/03/2022	5
Literature Review Chapter	23/03/2022	20/04/2022	24
Methodology Chapter	20/04/2022	02/05/2022	12
Presentation 1	02/07/2022	10/07/2022	8
Analysis	10/07/2022	24/07/2022	14
Evaluation of Gotten Results	24/07/2022	01/08/2022	7
Discussion Chapter	01/08/2022	11/08/2022	10
Evaluation Chapter	11/08/2022	16/08/2022	5
Conclusion Chapter	16/08/2022	18/08/2022	2
Project Management Chapter	18/08/2022	20/08/2022	2
Abstract and Report compilation	20/08/2022	22/08/2022	2
Report Proofreading	22/08/2022	01/09/2022	10
Presentation 2	01/09/2022	11/09/2022	10

REFERENCES

Guan, W.J., Liang, W.H., Zhao, Y., Liang, H.R., Chen, Z.S., Li, Y.M., Liu, X.Q., Chen, R.C., Tang, C.L., Wang, T., Ou, C.Q., Li, L., Chen, P.Y., Sang, L., Wang, W. et al., (2020) China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J.  55(5):2000547..

Health Line Newsletter (2021) The Effects of Smoking on the Bodyhttps://www.healthline.com/health/smoking/effects-on-the-body

Hopkinson, N.S, Rossi, N. and El-Sayed-Moustafa, J. (2021). Thorax, 76:714–722.

Igwe, C.U., David, J.C., Okuma, O. A., and Njemanze, V.C. (2021). The prevalence, knowledge of health effect and attitude towards smoking among undergraduates in a Nigerian University. Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 13(1): 20-29.

Liu, W., Tao, Z.W. and Wang, L. (2020) Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med J 133:1032–8.

Marques, P., Piqueras, L. and Sanz, M. (2021) An updated overview of e?cigarette impact on human health Respir Res.  22:151

Radó, K.M., Mölenberg, M.J.F., Westenberg, E.H.L., Sheikh, A.,  Millett, C., Burdorf, A., van Lenthe, F.J. and Been, J.V. (2021) Effect of smoke-free policies in outdoor areas and           private places on children’s tobacco smoke exposure and respiratory health: a systematic            review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health  6: e566–78

Royal College of Physicians. (2018) Hiding in plain sight: treating tobacco dependency in the

treating- tobacco- dependency- NHS. Available: https://www. rcplondon. ac. uk/ projects/ outputs/ hiding- plainsight-nhs

World Health Organization (2021) Tobacco https:/www.who.int/news-room/facts-heet/tobacco

Zhang, H., Ma, S., Han, T., Qu, G., Cheng, C., Patric, U., Shaikh, B.M., Zhou, Q., Song, E.J. and Sun, C. (2021) Association of smoking history with severe and critical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Integr Med 43: 101313

Last updated: Jan 20, 2022 04:01 PM

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